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2013年9月27日星期五

Salmonella Poisoning in dogs Cats and humans



Salmonella is a bacteria that can cause disease in both humans and animals. Salmonella found in cold and warm blooded animals and the environment they cause salmonellosis, but can cause typhoid.


Dogs and cats will become the leader of the salmonella bacteria, these can cause salmonellosis infection on gastrointestinal Salmonella can also catch other species of animals or birds can be found salmonella in raw meat, raw eggs or poultry products. Milk and cheese


Healthy animals can protect themselves colonization of digestion by salmonella, however when the disruption of the mechanisms that protect the walkway. Dogs and cats become infected


Salmonella poisoning involve vomiting nausea marks such as diarrhea or fever. Dogs and cats, some may even die from salmonella poisoning, although the percentage is quite low. Animals that are infected may be old or very young, or suffer from other disease Salmonellosis caused by contamination of food or water toys or other objects, raw food and cooked or stored food may be the cause of the disease. Pet food is a tower, sometimes because it is contaminated with Salmonella.


The Pet can spread infection to salmonellosis man as some diseases can be transmitted between one type of good luck. The symptoms may disappear within one week. However, most of the animals may loose fuel during this period and conditions may deteriorate. Cats or dogs, most able to survive a disease but not bout ill chronically must treat with caution. Start treatment earlier. There is a better opportunity for dinner can recover quickly and easily.


Dry pet food can be contaminated with Salmonella and pets healthy, it may only become unknown source for human infection, especially in young children in the United States. Infants more than one year represent a group with the highest rate of salmonellosis caused by pollution from animal.


Owners of pets with a young father must be interested in the proper handling and storage of food, pets, special. A second study that addresses these needs to be done recently by researchers from the Pennsylvania Department of Health, Ohio Department of Health and the FDA.


FDA finds problems that involve food, pets, produced in factories in Pennsylvania 2007 and 2008 study examines link between inflammatory illnesses in humans reported that during this period, the result shows that a certain correlation between children with general contact with pets that brand of pet food under investigation. More recently, in 2009 the three brands of pet treats is the tower that they found salmonella peanut butter is tainted.


Pet food ad claims that the product offers a complete and balanced nutrition, however the growth of veterinarians are concerned that processed pet food is the main cause of illness and premature death in dogs and cats. Pet food processing is thought to suppress the immune system. And can lead to liver kidney or heart disease.



Giardia is a threat to dogs and humans




Giardia is a protozoan parasite that is infectious to both humans and pets all over the world. It infects nearly 2% of adults and 6% to 8% of children in developed countries worldwide. Nearly 33% of people in developing countries have had giardiasis. According to the CDC, Giardia infection is the most common intestinal parasitic disease affecting people in the United States.

We are certainly seeing a rise in the numbers of our veterinary patients being diagnosed with Giardiasis. However, it is unclear whether the rise in the number of cases is due to a true increase inthe incidence of the disease or whether it is due to better methods of detection.






Method of transmission 
Giardia cysts are shed in the feces from infected people or animals and can persist in the environment for extended periods of time. When animals or humans ingest these cysts, the parasite attaches to the lining of the intestine in the new host. 

An infected person might shed 1-10 billion cysts daily in their feces and this might last for several months. However, swallowing as few as 10 cysts might cause someone to become ill. Giardia may be passed from person-to-person and from animal-to-animal. There is also some concern that certain subspecies can be passed from animal-to-person. 


Contaminated water is the classical source of a Giardia infection. This is one of the reasons that backpackers and campers are advised to boil or treat water obtained from fresh rivers or lakes prior to drinking. 


Symptoms 
Infection with Giardia causes problems with normal intestinal absorption of vitamins and other nutrients. This leads to a profuse, watery foul-smelling diarrhea. Animals and humans can also be carriers of the organism without showing any symptoms. 


Diagnosis
In the past, diagnosis in our veterinary patients was difficult. The stool sample being examined needed to be fresh, plus Giardia rarely show up on the usual fecal flotation testing methods used to detect other parasites. Additionally, Giardia cysts can be shed intermittently, so infections can be missed on a single fecal float. 


Recently a commercial ELISA test has become available, which tests for the presence of Giardia proteins in the feces. This method has dramatically improved the ability to detect Giardiainfections and the test can be completed in the office. 


Treatment 
A broad spectrum dewormer called fenbendazole (Panacur®) seems to be the most reliable treatment at this time. Metronidazole (Flagyl®) in relatively high doses has been a classical treatment for Giardia but studies show that it is not always effective as a sole agent. In some cases, the medications are used together. 


Environmental Decontamination
Treatment with medication should also be combined with environmental decontamination.Because infected pets may have been shedding cysts into the environment for some period of time before detection, it is important to thoroughly clean the environment to prevent re-infection. Guidelines from the CDC for cleaning of the environmental are listed below. In addition, because cysts can stick to the fur of the infected patient and be a source for re-infection, the positive animal should be bathed at least once in the course of treatment. 


Carpets: Steam clean the area at 158° F for 5 minutes or 212 F for 1 minute. Read the product labels for specifications, and follow all instructions.


Other items: Dishwasher-safe toys and water and food bowls can be disinfected in a dishwasher that has a dry cycle or a final rinse that exceeds one of the following: 113° F for 20 minutes, 122° FCrdit: piperbasenji.blogspot.com for 5 minutes or 162° F for 1 minute. If a dishwasher is not available, submerge dishwasher-safe items in boiling water for at least 1 minute. Toys and bedding can be washed in the washing machine and then heat-dried on the highest heat setting for 30 minutes. If a clothes dryer is not available, allow items to thoroughly air dry under direct sunlight. 


The Yard: 





  • Wear gloves when handling feces.


  • Remove feces promptly and put it in a plastic bag.


  • Limit access to common outdoor spaces, where possible, if pets have diarrhea or are being treated for Giardia. It has been demonstrated that dogs that play at dog parks are at greater risk for infection.


  • Eliminate any source of standing water.


  • Do not allow any new animals, especially young ones, to enter the yard or other outdoor spaces until the patient has been shown to be free of Giardia.



Giardia is hard to completely eliminate from the environment, but there are things you can do to help decrease the risk of pet reinfection and of human infection. Please remember that despite your best efforts to clean the environment, Giardia can persist in outdoor spaces and pet reinfection is possible. 


Follow up
In most cases, we do recommend follow up after treatment for Giardia to ensure that the organism has been completely cleared. In general, a fecal flotation is checked two weeks post-treatment to ensure that the animal is no longer shedding cysts. The ELISA test can be repeated 6-8 weeks post-treatment to ensure that the organism is no longer present. 


Julie Irwin, VMD


Julie Irwin, VMD was born and raised in Cleveland, Ohio. She attended Cornell University, where she received her Bachelor of Arts degree with a dual major in Mathematics and Biology. She then attended the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, graduating in 1998. Julie and Steve met in veterinary school and were married shortly after graduation. Julie’s other Julie Irwin, DVM. Credit: Seattle Veterinary Associates.interests include rowing, cross-country skiing and hiking. She and Steve, along with their three children, have recently relocated to Seattle and are enjoying exploring the Pacific Northwest.










2013年9月14日星期六

Share the love - parasites in pets and humans

We’ve had a spate of giardia recently – well, not us exactly. There have been a number or dogs that are coming in to board that, at my insistence, have gotten fecal tests done and found giardia present. From an article on the Texas A & M website September 10, 2010 on pet diseases that make humans sick: (http://tinyurl.com/2d2s8av): 


“Giardiasis is a less publicized disease, but it is important to note because 20,000 cases were reported last year alone. People can contract this disease by drinking water from infected rivers where animals have defecated, especially dogs with diarrhea. Symptoms include abdominal pain, diarrhea, gas or bloating, headache, loss of appetite, fever, nausea, swollen abdomen, and vomiting. Sometimes medicine is used to cure the disease, but giardiasis usually goes away on its own.”


This last part is especially important if you have small children:


“Giardiasis has been a real problem in day care centers… One child will contract the disease and they will easily spread it to the other children”


I bring this up for a couple of reasons. First and formost clients MUST bring fecal samples to the vet regularly – every six months is our requirement. Something like giardia could spread like wildfire in here. But my second thought is that I don’t want to get it. I had it in the Peace Corps and although I admired my svelte new figure after a week of having everything I eat run through me, I don’t like the idea of being invaded by a parasite. For those of you with small children or immune deficiencies, the danger of a more severe reaction is real.


It’s important to note that some dogs and some people do not show signs of illness, ergo the every-six-months fecal exam requirement.


So if you are planning on boarding your dog any time soon, or if you know you are behind on the required fecal exam, please don’t put off taking a bag of fresh poop to the vet. It’s gross but the alternative is nastier.




Happy Healthy Pooch




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